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Source library · Checked October 15, 2026

References

  1. UK Kidney Association. Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Hyperkalaemia in Adults. October 2023. UK thresholds are identified as such; US local emergency protocols govern care. Source
  2. KDIGO. 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD. Chapter 3; practice points 3.6.2–3.6.5. Focused update underway; verify at release. Source
  3. Heidenreich PA et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Sections 7.3.3 and 7.3.6. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. Source
  4. An J et al. Discontinuation of RAAS Inhibitors Secondary to Hyperkalemia and Cardiorenal Outcomes. Am J Nephrol. 2023;54:250–261. doi:10.1159/000531102. Retrospective association, not causal evidence. Source
  5. Butler J et al. Patiromer for the management of hyperkalemia in HFrEF: DIAMOND. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:4362–4373. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac401. Source
  6. Kosiborod MN et al. Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate and MRA Optimization in HFrEF: REALIZE-K. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.11.014. Includes the exploratory worsening-HF safety imbalance. Source
  7. VELTASSA (patiromer). US prescribing information, revised October 2023; current manufacturer PDF checked October 15, 2026. Sections 1, 2, 5 and 7. Source
  8. LOKELMA (sodium zirconium cyclosilicate). US prescribing information, revised February 2024; DailyMed checked October 15, 2026. Sections 1, 2, 5 and 7. Source
  9. REALIZE-K investigators. AHA 2024 primary results presentation: population, endpoints and exploratory events. Interpret alongside the final publication. Source